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It is 28 miles 45 km south of , 18 miles 29 km north of , and 32 miles 51 km north-east of the county town of. Crawley covers an area of 17. The area has been inhabited since , and was a centre of in times. Crawley developed slowly as a from the 13th century, serving the surrounding villages in the. Its location on the main road from London to Brighton brought passing trade, which encouraged the development of. A rail link to London opened in 1841. After the Second World War, the British Government planned to move large numbers of people and jobs out of London and into around South East England. The designated Crawley as the site of one of these. A master plan was developed for the establishment of new residential, commercial, industrial and civic areas, and rapid development greatly increased the size and population of the town over a few decades. The town contains 13 residential neighbourhoods radiating out from the core of the old market town, and separated by main roads and railway lines. The nearby communities of , and were absorbed into the new town at various stages in its development. In 2009, expansion was being planned in the west and north-west of the town, in cooperation with. Economically, the town has developed into the main centre of industry and employment between London and the south coast. Its large industrial area supports manufacturing and service companies, many of them connected with the airport. The commercial and retail sectors continue to expand. Origins The area may have been settled during the period: locally manufactured of the Horsham Culture type have been found to the southwest of the town. Tools and from the , and burial mounds and a sword from the , have also been discovered. Crawley is on the western edge of the , which produced iron for more than 2,000 years from the onwards. Goffs Park—now a recreational area in the south of the town—was the site of two late Iron Age furnaces. Ironworking and mineral extraction continued throughout , particularly in the Broadfield area where many furnaces were built. This name evolved over time, and the present spelling appeared by the early 14th century. By this time, nearby settlements were more established: the Saxon church at , for example, dates from between 950 and 1050 AD. Although Crawley itself is not mentioned in the of 1086, the nearby settlements of and are recorded. The first written record of Crawley dates from 1202, when a licence was issued by King for a weekly market on Wednesdays. Crawley grew slowly in importance over the next few centuries, but was boosted in the 18th century by the construction of the road between London and. When this was completed in 1770, travel between the newly fashionable seaside resort and London became safer and quicker, and Crawley located approximately halfway between the two prospered as a coaching halt. By 1839 it offered almost an hourly service to both destinations. The George, a house dating from the 15th century, expanded to become a large coaching inn, taking over adjacent buildings. Eventually an annexe had to be built in the middle of the wide High Street; this survived until the 1930s. The original building has become the , with conference facilities and 84 bedrooms; it retains many period features including an iron. Crawley's oldest church is , between the High Street and the Broadway. It is said to have 13th-century origins, but there has been much rebuilding especially in the 19th century and the oldest part remaining is the south wall of the , which is believed to be 14th century. The church has a 15th-century rebuilt in 1804 which originally contained four bells cast in 1724. Railway age and Victorian era Crawley signal box in 2008 The was the first railway line to serve the Crawley area. A station was opened at originally known as East Crawley in the summer of 1841. A line was built eastwards from in 1855. Three Bridges had become the hub of transport in the area by this stage: one-quarter of its population was employed in railway jobs by 1861 mainly at the 's railway works near the station. The Longley company—one of South East England's largest building firms in the late 19th century, responsible for buildings including school and the King Edward VII in —moved to a site next to Crawley station in 1881. In 1898 more than 700 people were employed at the site. There was a major expansion in house building in the late 19th century. The population reached 4,433 in 1901, compared to 1,357 a century earlier. In 1891, a racecourse was opened on farmland at Gatwick. Built to replace a course at near in Surrey, it was used for both steeplechase and , and held the during the years of the First World War. The course had its own railway station on the Brighton Main Line. In the early 20th century, many of the large in the area, with their and associated grounds and outbuildings, were split up into smaller plots of land, attracting haphazard housing development and small farms. By the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Crawley had grown into a small but prosperous town, serving a wide rural area and those passing through on the London—Brighton road. Three-quarters of the population had piped water supplies, all businesses and homes had electricity, and piped gas and street lighting had been in place for 50 years. An airfield was opened in 1930 on land near the racecourse. This was a private concern until the Second World War when it was claimed by the. New Town In May 1946, the New Towns Act of 1946 identified Crawley as a suitable location for a ; but it was not officially designated as such until 9 January 1947. The 5,920 acres 2,396 ha of land set aside for the new town were split across the county borders between , West Sussex and. Architect was appointed chairman of. A court challenge to the designation order meant that plans were not officially confirmed until December 1947. By this time, an initial plan for the development of the area had been drawn up by. This proposed filling in the gaps between the villages of Crawley, Ifield and Three Bridges. Bennett estimated that planning, designing and building the town, and increasing its population from the existing 9,500 to 40,000, would take 15 years. Work began almost immediately to prepare for the expansion of the town. A full master plan was in place by 1949. This envisaged an increase in the population of the town to 50,000, residential properties in nine neighbourhoods radiating from the town centre, and a separate industrial area to the north. The neighbourhoods would consist mainly of three-bedroom family homes, with a number of smaller and larger properties. Each would be built around a centre with shops, a church, a , a primary school and a. Secondary education was to be provided at campuses at Ifield Green, Three Bridges and. Later, a fourth campus, in Southgate, was added to the plans. At first, little development took place in the town centre, and residents relied on the shops and services in the existing high street. The earliest progress was in , where new residents moved in during the late 1940s. In 1950 the town was visited by the then heir to the throne, , when she officially opened the industrial area. Building work continued throughout the 1950s in West Green, and Three Bridges, and later in , and Ifield. Expectations of the eventual population of the town were revised upwards several times. The 1949 master plan had allowed for 50,000 people, but this was amended to 55,000 in 1956 after the Development Corporation had successfully resisted pressure from the Minister for Town and Country Planning to accommodate 60,000. Nevertheless, plans dated 1961 anticipated growth to 70,000 by 1980, and by 1969 consideration was given to an eventual expansion of up to 120,000. One of the neighbourhood churches: St Mary's in Southgate now a By April 1960, when Thomas Bennett made his last presentation as chairman of the Development Corporation, the town's population had reached 51,700; 2,289,000 square feet 212,700 m 2 of factory and other industrial space had been provided; 21,800 people were employed, nearly 60% of whom worked in manufacturing industry; and only seventy people were registered as unemployed. The corporation had built 10,254 houses, and private builders provided around 1,500 more. Tenants were by then permitted to buy their houses, and 440 householders had chosen to do so by April 1960. A new plan was put forward by West Sussex County Council in 1961. This proposed new neighbourhoods at and , both of which extended outside the administrative area of the then Urban District Council. Detailed plans were made for Broadfield in the late 1960s; by the early 1970s building work had begun. Further expansion at Bewbush was begun in 1974, although development there was slow. The two neighbourhoods were both larger than the original nine: together, their proposed population was 23,000. Work also took place in the area now known as Ifield West on the western fringes of the town. By 1980, the council identified land at , south of the Pound Hill neighbourhood, as being suitable for another new neighbourhood, and work began in 1986. However, all of this development was undertaken privately, unlike the earlier neighbourhoods in which most of the housing was owned by the council. In 1999, plans were announced to develop a 14th neighbourhood on land at to the northeast of the town. However, these were halted when proposals for possible expansion at Gatwick Airport were announced. As of 2008, discussions were underway with Horsham District Council concerning the possible future provision of new housing on Crawley's western fringes, to be named Kilnwood Vale; much of the land proposed for development currently lies within Horsham's administrative boundaries. Development of the neighbourhood began in 2012. Ordnance Survey map of the Crawley area, 1932 Crawley Urban District Council was formed in May 1956 from the part of the Horsham Rural District which covered the new town. The led to the district being reformed as a borough in April 1974, gaining a mayor for the first time. The Urban District Council received its from the in 1957. After the change to borough status a modified coat of arms, based on the original, was awarded in 1976, and presented to the council on 24 March 1977. It features a central cross on a shield, representing the town's location at the meeting point of north—south and east—west roads. The shield bears nine representing both the county of and the new town's original nine neighbourhoods. Supporters, of an eagle and a winged lion, relate to the significance of the airport to the locality. The motto featured is I Grow and I Rejoice—a translation of a phrase from the Epistulae of. Initially the district and then borough council worked with the on many aspects of development; but in 1978 many of the commission's assets, such as housing and parks, were surrendered to the council. The authority's boundaries were extended in 1983 to accommodate the Bewbush and Broadfield neighbourhoods. The borough remains part of the local two-tier arrangements, with services shared with West Sussex County Council. The authority is divided into 15 wards, each of which is represented by two or three local councillors, forming a total council of 37 members. The council is elected in thirds. As of the May 2016 local elections, the authority is -controlled, with seats allocated as follows: Political party Seats held Labour 20 Conservative 17 The Conservative party gained control in May 2006 for the first time since the borough was created. Previously the authority had always been Labour controlled. United Kingdom government Crawley Borough is coterminous with the. In the , the winning margin was the slimmest of any UK constituency: Moffatt won by just 37 votes. Data from the 's national identity database at , South Yorkshire, was backed up to servers in Crawley for and purposes. The , proposed in May 2010 and passed in September 2010, authorised the destruction of all data stored for the identity card scheme brought about by the. It is surrounded by smaller towns including , , , , , and. The borough of Crawley is bordered by the West Sussex areas of Mid Sussex and Horsham districts, and the and districts and the in the county of. Crawley lies in the between the and. Two beds of meet beneath the town: the eastern neighbourhoods and the town centre lie largely on the Hastings Beds, while the rest of the town is based on. A running from east to west has left an area of Weald Clay with a ridge of jutting into the Hastings Beds around. The highest point in the borough is 486 feet 148 m above sea level. The town has no major waterways, although a number of smaller brooks and streams are tributaries for the which rises near Gatwick Airport and flows northwards to the near. There are several lakes at and a mill pond at Ifield which was stopped to feed the. He announced his discovery in an 1825 scientific paper, giving the creature the name. In 1832 he discovered and named the genus of dinosaurs after finding a fossil in the same forest. Climate Crawley lies within the Sussex Weald, an area of highly variable terrain, so that many microclimates of frost hollows, sun traps and windswept hilltops will be encountered over a short distance. During calm, clear periods of weather this allows for some interesting temperature variations, although most of the time, when mobile westerly airstreams persist, the weather is typically like the rest of the British Isles. Gatwick is the nearest weather station that publishes long-term averages that give an accurate description of the climate of the Crawley area, although more recently the Met Office has also published data for its nearby weather station at. Both weather stations are about 3 miles north of Crawley town centre and at similar altitudes. Generally, Crawley's inland and southerly position within the UK means temperatures in summer are amongst the highest in the British Isles, Charlwood recording 36. The overall maximum stands at 36. The absolute record for Gatwick is the aforementioned 36. Before this, the highest temperature recorded at Gatwick was 35. The maximum temperature was 25. Air frost is recorded on 58. No data is available for 1971-00, but given increases at comparable sites nearby, annual averages are likely to be over 1,600 hours. Snowfall is often heavier in the Sussex Weald than in many other low-lying parts of central and southern England due to the proximity of moisture-laden southerly tracking low pressure systems bringing easterly winds and snow to areas from South London southwards. However, again due to the southerly location of the area, with warmer air from the nearby English Channel, the snow is often temporary as low pressure systems track north bringing in milder air; areas immediately north of London tend to have less accumulation, but lying for a longer duration. Rainfall is lower than the English average, but higher than many other areas of the South East. Climate data for Gatwick, elevation 62m,1971—2000, Sunshine 1961—90, extremes 1960— Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C °F 14. NO Source 2: NOAA Neighbourhoods and areas Church Road in village, looking east towards. No houses remain here; a hotel, depots and light industrial units have replaced the earlier development. There are 13 residential neighbourhoods, each with a variety of housing types: terraced, semi-detached and detached houses, low-rise flats and bungalows. There are no residential tower blocks, apart from the 8 storey Milton Mount Flats at the North end of Pound Hill. Many houses have their own gardens and are set back from roads. The hub of each neighbourhood is a shopping parade, community centre and church, and each has a school and recreational open spaces as well. The number of shop units provided in the neighbourhood parades reflected this: despite the master plan making provision for at least 20 shops in each neighbourhood, the number actually built ranged from 19 in the outlying Langley Green neighbourhood to just seven in West Green, close to the town centre. Each of the 13 residential neighbourhoods is identified by a colour, which is shown on street name signs in a standard format throughout the town: below the street name, the neighbourhood name is shown in white text on a coloured background. Its street name signs do not follow the standard format of the neighbourhood signs, but display only the street name. Most of the village was demolished when the airport expanded, but the , remains. The site of Lowfield Heath village, now occupied by warehouses and light industrial units, is on the airport's southern boundary, between the perimeter road and the A23 close to Manor Royal. The civil parish of remains, albeit reduced in size, as part of the district. Its houses, farms and public house, the Greyhound at which the has been held annually since 1932 , lie on or around an east—west minor road running from the main — road to the Manor Royal estate. It has been wholly within the borough since 1990, when the borough and county boundary was moved eastwards to align exactly with the M23 motorway. Until then, its houses and farms straddled the boundary. Fernhill was the site of a fatal aeroplane crash in 1969: 50 people including two residents died when crashed into a house on Fernhill Road. Proposed neighbourhoods The first house in the neighbourhood, pictured in September 2014 while under construction. Since the completion of Maidenbower, Crawley's thirteenth neighbourhood, two other sites in the borough have been considered as potential sites for new residential areas. A proposal to build a neighbourhood in the Tinsley Green area was first made in January 1998, and in December 2009 the Government allowed an appeal to be heard against the latest refusal of. A new planning application was registered in July 2012, and in November of that year details of the proposals were published. Pegasus Planning Group Ltd presented the application on behalf of housebuilders and. The application proposes 5,000 square metres 54,000 sq ft of commercial and industrial floorspace and 2,500 square metres 27,000 sq ft of floorspace for retail use as well as the housing. The name Forge Wood was decided upon in December 2013. Work on the first phase was scheduled to start in 2014, and the first houses are due to be completed by the end of that year. Meanwhile, Crawley Borough Council began discussions with neighbouring Horsham District Council in 2006 in connection with a proposed neighbourhood west of Bewbush; such development would straddle the boundary of the two local authorities. Planning permission was granted in March 2011, the name Kilnwood Vale was adopted, and in October 2011 Crawley Borough Council sold for £3 million some areas of land required for the construction of access roads. Work on the five-phase scheme started in October 2012. Up to 2,500 houses, a school, library, supermarket and other facilities will be provided. Graph of population growth in Crawley 1901—2001. At the in 2011 the population of Crawley was recorded as 106,597. The 2001 census data showed that population then accounted for 13. The growth in population of the new town—around 1,000% between 1951 and 2001 —has outstripped that of most similar-sized settlements. For example, in the same period, the population of the neighbouring district of Horsham grew by just 99%. People of Indian and Pakistani origin account for 4. Many inhabitants of Crawley work locally at Gatwick Airport as either air or ground crew. Many expelled from the in the settled in Crawley in the 1960s and 1970s, and it was reported in 2016 that the town's Chagossian community numbered approximately 3,000 people. The borough has a population density of around 22 persons per hectare 9 persons per acre , making it the second most densely populated district in West Sussex, after. The social mix is similar to the national norm: around 50% are in the ABC1 , although this varies by ward, with just 44% in Broadfield North compared to 75% in Maidenbower. The proportion of people in the borough with higher education qualifications is lower than the national average. Around 14% have a qualification at or above, compared to 20% nationally. Labour Profile Total employee jobs 79,700 Full-time 58,100 72. The intended to develop it as a centre for manufacturing and light engineering, with an industrial zone. The rapid growth of Gatwick Airport provided opportunities for businesses in the aviation, transport, warehousing and distribution industries. The significance of the airport to local employment and enterprise was reflected by the formation of the partnership. This venture, supported by local businesses, local government and , South East England's , aims to maintain and improve the Crawley and Gatwick area's status as a region of national and international economic importance. Since the Second World War, unemployment in Crawley has been low: the rate was 1. During the boom of the 1980s the town boasted the lowest level of unemployment in the UK. Continuous growth and investment have made Crawley one of the most important business and employment centres in the region. Manufacturing industry Crawley was already a modest industrial centre by the end of the Second World War. Building was an important trade: 800 people were employed by building and joinery firms, and two—Longley's and Cook's—were large enough to have their own factories. In 1949, 1,529 people worked in manufacturing: the main industries were light and and aircraft repair. Many of the jobs in these industries were highly skilled. Industrial development had to take place relatively soon after the new town was established because part of the Corporation's remit was to move people and jobs out of an overcrowded and war-damaged London. Industrial jobs were needed as well as houses and shops to create a balanced community where people could settle. The Development Corporation wanted the new town to support a large and mixed industrial base, with factories and other buildings based in a single zone rather than spread throughout the town. A 267-acre 108 ha site in the northeastern part of the development area was chosen. Its advantages included flat land with no existing development; proximity to the London—Brighton railway line, the A23 and the planned M23; space for railway sidings which were eventually built on a much smaller scale than envisaged ; and an adjacent 44-acre 18 ha site reserved for future expansion, on the other side of the railway line again, not used for this purpose in the end. The Corporation stipulated that several should be developed, rather than allowing one sector or firm to dominate. It did not seek to attract companies by offering financial or other incentives; instead, it set out to create the ideal conditions for industrial development to arise naturally, by providing large plots of land with room for expansion, allowing firms to build their own premises or rent ready-made buildings, and constructing a wide range of building types and sizes. Despite the lack of direct incentives, many firms applied to move to the Manor Royal estate: it was considered such an attractive place to relocate to that the Development Corporation was able to choose between applicants to achieve the ideal mix of firms, and little advertising or promotion had to be undertaken. One year after Manor Royal was opened, eighteen firms were trading there, including four with more than 100 employees and one with more than 1,000. By 1964, businesses which had moved to the town since 1950 employed 16,000 people; the master plan had anticipated between 8,000 and 8,500. In 1978 there were 105 such firms, employing nearly 20,000 people. The opened a new manufacturing and office complex in Crawley in 2009. The site consolidated manufacturing and offices in the Crawley area and the south-east of England. Service industry and commerce head office. While most of the jobs created in the new town's early years were in manufacturing, the developed strongly from the 1960s. The Manor Royal estate, with its space, proximity to Gatwick and good transport links, attracted airport-related services such as logistics, catering, distribution and warehousing; and the Corporation and private companies built offices throughout the town. Office floorspace in the town increased from 55,000 square feet 5,100 m 2 in 1965 to a conservative estimate of 453,000 square feet 42,100 m 2 in 1984. Major schemes during that period included premises for the later part of , , and —a government ministry within the remit of. The five-storey Overline House above the railway station, completed in 1968, is used by Crawley's and various other companies. House, the head office of at Gatwick Airport Companies headquartered in Crawley include , , , Virgin Atlantic's associated travel agency , , and the Office of the Paymaster-General. Danish company , which manufactures much of the world's supply, has its UK headquarters at the Broadfield Business Park, and has an office in Crawley. In addition the registered offices of TUI UK and are located in Crawley. Other companies formerly headquartered in Crawley include , , , , , , , , and. Crawley has numerous hotels, including , dated to 1615. It is reputedly haunted. The Friary Way entrance to County Mall Even before the new town was planned, Crawley was a retail centre for the surrounding area: there were 177 shops in the town in 1948, 99 of which were on the High Street. Early new town residents relied on these shopping facilities until the Corporation implemented the master plan's designs for a new shopping area on the mostly undeveloped land east of the High Street and north of the railway line. The Broadwalk and its 23 shops were built in 1954, followed by the Queen's Square complex and surrounding streets in the mid-1950s. Queen's Square, a pedestrianised plaza surrounded by large shops and linked to the High Street by The Broadwalk, was officially opened in 1958 by Queen Elizabeth II. The town centre was completed by 1960, by which time Crawley was already recognised as an important regional, rather than merely local, shopping centre. In the 1960s and 1970s, large branches of , and were opened the Tesco superstore was the largest in Britain at the time. The shopping area was also expanded southeastwards from Queen's Square: although the original plans of 1975 were not implemented fully, several large shop units were built and a new pedestrianised link—The Martlets—was provided between Queen's Square and Haslett Avenue, the main road to Three Bridges. The remaining land between this area and the railway line was sold for private development by 1982; in 1992 a 450,000 square feet 41,800 m 2 shopping centre named County Mall was opened there. Its stores includes major retailers such as , , and as well as over 80 smaller outlets. The town's main bus station was redesigned, roads including the main A2220 Haslett Avenue were rerouted, and some buildings at the south end of The Martlets were demolished to accommodate the mall. Changes brought about by the scheme have included 50,000 square feet 4,600 m 2 of additional retail space in Queen's Square and The Martlets, and a mixed-use development at the southern end of the High Street on land formerly occupied by Robinson Road which was demolished and Spencers Road shortened and severed at one end. An ASDA superstore, opened in September 2003, forms the centrepiece. Robinson Road, previously named Church Road, had been at the heart of the old Crawley: a century before its demolition, its buildings included two chapels, a school, a hospital and a post office. Crawley library, opened in December 2008 Policing in Crawley is provided by ; the are responsible for the rail network. The borough is the police headquarters for the North Downs division, and is itself divided into three areas for the purposes of neighbourhood policing: Crawley East, Crawley West, and Crawley Town Centre. A separate division covers Gatwick Airport. There is a police station in the town centre; it is open 24 hours a day, and the front desk is staffed for 16 hours each day except Christmas Day. The is responsible for ambulance and paramedic services. Some services are provided by the Surrey and Sussex Healthcare , including a 24-hour Urgent Treatment Centre for semi-life-threatening injuries. Gas is supplied by who own and manage the South East Local Distribution Zone. The provision of public services was made in co-operation with the local authorities as the town grew in the 1950s and 1960s. They oversaw the opening of a fire station in 1958, the telephone exchange, police station and town centre health clinic in 1961 and an ambulance station in 1963. Plans for a new hospital on land at The Hawth were abandoned, however, and the existing hospital in West Green was redeveloped instead. Gas was piped from Croydon, 20 miles 32 km away, and a gasworks at Redhill, while the town's water supply came from the reservoir south of East Grinstead and another at. In December 2008, a new three-storey library was opened in new buildings at Southgate Avenue, replacing the considerably undersized establishment formerly at County Buildings. The Regulation Safety Group is in the Aviation House in in Crawley. Crawley's early development as a market town was helped by its location on the London—Brighton turnpike. The area was joined to the in the mid-19th century; and since the creation of the new town, there have been major road upgrades including a motorway link , a transit system and the establishment of an airport which has become one of Britain's largest and busiest. Road The London—Brighton turnpike ran through the centre of Crawley, forming the High Street and Station Road. When Britain's major roads were classified by the British government's Ministry of Transport between 1919 and 1923, it was given the number. It was bypassed by a new dual carriageway in 1938 which forms the A23's current route through the town , and then later to the east side of the town by the , which was opened in 1975. This connects London's orbital motorway, the , to the A23 at , at the southern edge of Crawley's built-up area. The original single-carriageway A23 became the A2219. The end of the motorway at Pease Pottage is Junction 11. The A2011, another dual-carriageway, joins the A23 in West Green and provides a link, via the A2004, to the town centre. The A2220 follows the former route of the A264 through the town, linking the A23 directly to the A264 at , from where it then runs to. Rail Crawley station, with five storeys of offices above the ticket office and concourse area The first railway line in the area was the , which opened as far as on 12 July 1841 and reached Brighton on 21 September 1841. It ran through Three Bridges, which was then a small village east of Crawley, and was built to serve it. A line to , now part of the , was opened on 14 February 1848. A new station was constructed slightly to the east, in conjunction with the Overline House commercial development, and replaced the original station which closed on 28 July 1968. The ticket office and Up London-bound platform waiting areas form the ground floor of the office building. The urban area of Crawley is served by a total of three rail stations including. Due to Crawley's expansion this station is now surrounded by the town's western areas. Regular train services run from Crawley, and also Ifield, to and stations, , , , , , and. Three Bridges has direct trains to and. Bus and Fastway A at Crawley bus station Crawley was one of several towns where the boundaries of and bus services met. In 1958 the companies reached an agreement which allowed them both to provide services in all parts of the town. When the was formed in 1969, its subsidiary took responsibility for many routes, including cross-London services which operated to distant destinations such as , and. A coach station was opened by Southdown in 1931 on the A23 at County Oak, near Lowfield Heath: it was a regular stopping point for express coaches between London and towns on the Sussex coast. This traffic started to serve Gatwick when the airport began to grow, however. When the National Bus Company was broken up, local services were provided by the new of London Country Bus Services, which later became part of the group. It provides local services between the neighbourhoods and town centre, and longer-distance routes to , , , and. In September 2003 a service, , began operating between and. A second route, from Broadfield to the Langshott area of , north of Gatwick Airport, was added on 27 August 2005. Gatwick Airport Main article: Gatwick Airport was licensed as a private airfield in August 1930. It was used during the Second World War as an base, and returned to civil use in 1946. There were proposals to close the airport in the late 1940s, but in 1950 the government announced that it was to be developed as London's second airport. It was closed between 1956 and 1958 for rebuilding. A second terminal, the North Terminal, was built in 1988. An agreement exists between and West Sussex County Council preventing the building of a second runway before 2019. Nevertheless, consultations were launched in 2002 by the , at which proposals for additional facilities and runways were considered. It was agreed that there would be no further expansion at Gatwick unless it became impossible to meet growth targets at within existing pollution limits. The Memorial Gardens is Crawley's main team. Formed in 1896, it moved in 1949 to a ground at Town Mead adjacent to the playing fields. Demand for land near the town centre led to the club moving in 1997 to the new , now owned by the borough council. Perhaps the pinnacle of the club's history was in February 2011 when they played against Manchester United at Old Trafford in the fifth round of the F. Cup, a match which saw 9,000 Crawley fans make the trip to Manchester. Three other local teams play in the : , and Ifield Edwards F. Crawley Hockey Club plays their home matches at Hazelwick School, The new town's original leisure centre was in Haslett Avenue in the Three Bridges neighbourhood. Building work started in the early 1960s, and a large swimming pool opened in 1964. The site was extended to include an athletics arena by 1967, and an additional large sports hall was opened by the town mayor, Councillor Ben Clay and Prime Minister in 1974. However, the facilities became insufficient for the growing town, even though an annexe was opened in Bewbush in 1984. In 2005, Crawley Leisure Centre was closed and replaced by a new facility, the K2 Leisure Centre, on the campus of near the Broadfield Stadium. Opened to the public on 14 November 2005, and officially by on 24 January 2006, the centre includes the only Olympic-sized swimming pool in. In March 2008 the centre was named as a training site for the in London. Neighbourhood community centres and the Tilgate Forest Recreational Centre were used for some cultural activities, but it was not until 1988 that the town had a dedicated theatre and arts venue, at the. Crawley's earliest cinema, the Imperial Picture House on Brighton Road, lasted from 1909 until the 1940s; the Embassy Cinema on the High Street opened in 1938 replaced it. A large cinema has since opened in the Crawley Leisure Park, which itself also includes , various restaurants and bars and a fitness centre. The Moka nightclub on Station Way opened in October 2012. Each neighbourhood has self-contained recreational areas, and there are other larger parks throughout the town. The Memorial Gardens, on the eastern side of Queen's Square, feature art displays, children's play areas and lawns, and a plaque commemorating those who died in two Second World War bombing incidents in 1943 and 1944. Goffs Park in Southgate covers 50 acres 20 ha , and has lakes, boating ponds, a model railway and many other features. See also: and Crawley Museum is based in Goffs Park. Stone Age and Bronze Age remains discovered in the area are on display, as well as more recent artefacts including parts of Vine Cottage, an old timber-framed building on the High Street which was once home to former Punch editor and which was demolished when the ASDA development was built. Crawley has three , , and the in Langley Lane, Ifield , 12 and 85. The borough council has also awarded status to 58 buildings. Since the restructuring, Crawley has had 17 primary schools including two and two Roman Catholic and four pairs of and. Most of these were opened in 2004; others changed their status at this date for example, from a middle to a junior School. It currently has 4 years, R, 1, 7 and 8. The schools at Ifield and Thomas Bennett are also bases for the 's programmes. Pupils with are educated at the two in the town, each of which covers the full spectrum of needs: Manor Green Primary School and Manor Green College. Desmond Anderson, based in converted to Academy status in February 2017 and is now part of the University of Brighton Academies Trust. The , based in , was opened in September 2011. It was one of the first in the country, set up as a result of changes to the legislation on school funding by the government. The school was a , the first state funded Montessori school in the UK, quoted as having a Christian ethos in the tradition. The school closed to children for the last time on 3 April 2014, following a series of inspection failures and withdrawal of its funding. Opened in 1958 as Crawley Technical College, it merged with other local colleges to form the new institute in August 2005. The college also provides higher education courses in partnership with the universities at and. In 2004, a proposal was made for an additional campus of the to be created in Crawley, but as of 2008 no conclusion has been reached. Crawley has three local newspapers, of which two have a long history in the area. The newspaper is now owned by. The Crawley News was first published in 1979, and later took over the operations of the older Crawley Advertiser which closed in 1982. The newspaper was taken over by the group in 2015 as part of the purchase of but its last edition was published on 26 October 2016. In September 2008 Johnston Press launched a new weekly broadsheet newspaper called the Crawley Times based on the companies paper produced in Horsham, the West Sussex County Times. The town is served by the London regional versions of and television from the Crystal Palace or Reigate transmitters—although some terrestrial aerials in the town may pick up and signals from the transmitter. The station, now owned by , broadcasts as from Brighton, with the studios in Kelvin Way in Crawley closed in August 2010. On 1 February 2011, the local transmitter on 1521 AM closed and listeners were advised to retune to 1548 AM Gold London or 1323 AM Gold Sussex. Local BBC radio was provided by BBC Radio Sussex from 1983; this became part of following a merger with in 1994. From March 2009, BBC Southern Counties Radio became on 104. Due to the positioning of their transmitters, when broadcasting separately both stations cover Crawley stories. A outside the commemorates his time in the town. 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